The Port of Vancouver has emerged as a lifeline for Asian oil refiners amid disruption of the vital shipping route through the Strait of Hormuz, according to ATB Cormark Capital Markets.

Tankers calling at the port’s Westridge Marine Terminal now have access to an expanded, reliable supply of oil from Alberta, thanks to the Trans Mountain pipeline. 

Not only do these barrels have clear sailing to Asian ports, analysts say they’re just the type of oil Asian refiners are increasingly looking for. 

About half the oil flowing through the pipeline is considered “heavy,” one of the grades most affected by the Strait of Hormuz closure, ATB said.

“Canadian heavy oil could become a premium global asset,” managing director of institutional equity research Patrick O’Rourke wrote on Mar. 2.

SAGD oil sands project in northern Alberta. Photo courtesy Cenovus Energy

Stability in a volatile market

It’s a sentiment that was building before the new conflict in the Middle East.

“Beyond price, Canada offers something increasingly valuable — a large, stable and reliable supply of heavy crude,” Studio.Energy director of research Carmen Velasquez wrote in November. 

“At a time when geopolitical risk is reshaping energy trade flows…this reliability is becoming a strategic differentiator, not just a commercial one.” 

Why heavy oil matters

Exported mainly from Alberta’s oil sands, heavy oil is one of Canada’s biggest energy assets. 

Thick and gooey, it requires diluent for transportation and complex processing to produce gasoline, jet fuel and petrochemicals used in everyday items.

The large-scale petrochemical refineries in Asia that are driving oil demand growth can pair well with Alberta’s heavy oil, Velasquez said.

“In recent years, [China] has invested heavily in new mega-refineries and upgraded existing ones to handle heavier and more complex crude slates,” she said.

Zhejiang Petrochemical Complex in in Zhejiang, China. Photo courtesy Zhejiang Petroleum and Chemical Co.

Asia’s growing appetite

China is Asia’s “heavy oil hub,” RBC director of energy policy Shaz Merwat wrote in a November research note. 

“China is sharply pivoting into petrochemicals, aiming to take Japanese and Korean market share,” Merwat said. 

“India, too, is expected to see oil imports grow 1.5 million barrels per day by 2035 as both countries seek steady supplies of heavy and sour crude,” he said. 

“Today, that supply originates from the Middle East, Russia and Venezuela, creating an opening for a stable, Western entrant.”

Canadian barrels gaining a foothold

Canadian heavy oil has started building a footprint in Asia thanks to the Trans Mountain expansion and “re-exports” — Western Canadian barrels shipped from terminals on the U.S. Gulf Coast.

Both China and India have purchased Canadian oil from Trans Mountain since the expanded pipeline went into service in May 2024, the company reports.

Courtesy Trans Mountain Corporation

While China leads overseas sales from Trans Mountain, India is a regular buyer of U.S. Gulf Coast re-exports, according to RBN Energy.

Courtesy RBN Energy

Demand keeps climbing

“Besides ongoing efforts to expand the Chinese customer base, India and Southeast Asia are the most promising growth markets for Canadian crude,” Studio.Energy’s Velasquez said. 

“And this is no small opportunity.”

The International Energy Agency projects oil demand in the Asia-Pacific region will rise to 41 million barrels per day by 2050, up from 35 million barrels per day in 2024.

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The Trans Mountain system continues its decades-long record of zero marine spills even as oil tanker traffic has surged more than 800 per cent since the pipeline’s expansion in May 2024.

The number of tankers calling at Trans Mountain’s Westridge Marine Terminal in the Port of Vancouver in one month now rivals the number that used to go through in one year. 

A global trend toward safer tanker operations

The Westridge Marine Terminal loaded its first oil tanker shipment on January 1, 1956.

Nearly 70 years and a major expansion later, Trans Mountain’s ongoing safe marine operations are part of a worldwide trend.

Global oil tanker traffic is up, yet marine spills are down, according to the International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation, a London, UK-based nonprofit that provides data and response support.

Transport Canada reports a 95 per cent drop in ship-source oil spills and spill volumes since the 1970s, driven by stronger ship design, improved response and better regulations.

Graph courtesy International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation

“Tankers are now designed much more safely. They are double-hulled and compartmentalized to mitigate spills,” said Mike Lowry, spokesperson for the Western Canada Marine Response Corporation (WCMRC). 

WCMRC: Ready to protect the West Coast

One of WCMRC’s new response vessels arrives in Barkley Sound. Photo courtesy Western Canada Marine Response Corporation

From eight marine bases including Vancouver and Prince Rupert, WCMRC stands at the ready to protect all 27,000 kilometres of Canada’s western coastline. 

Lowry sees the corporation as similar to firefighters — training to respond to an event they hope they never have to see. 

In September, it conducted a large-scale training exercise for a worst-case spill scenario. This included the KJ Gardner — Canada’s largest spill response vessel and a part of WCMRC’s fleet since 2024.

“It’s part of the work we do to make sure everybody is trained and prepared to use our assets just in case,” Lowry said. 

Expanding capacity for Trans Mountain

The K.J. Gardner is the largest-ever spill response vessel in Canada. Photo courtesy Western Canada Marine Response Corporation

WCMRC’s fleet and capabilities were doubled with a $170-million expansion to support the Trans Mountain project. 

Between 2012 and 2024, the company grew from 13 people and $12 million in assets to more than 200 people and $213 million in assets. 

“About 80 per cent of our employees are mariners who work as deckhands, captains and marine engineers on our vessels,” Lowry said. 

“Most of the incidents we respond to are small marine diesel spills — the last one was a fuel leak from a forest logging vessel near Nanaimo — so we have deployed our fleet in other ways.” 

Tanker safety starts with strong rules and local expertise

Tanker loading at the Westridge Marine Terminal in the Port of Vancouver. Photo courtesy Trans Mountain Corporation

Speaking on the ARC Energy Ideas podcast, Trans Mountain CEO Mark Maki said tanker safety starts with strong regulations, including the use of local pilots to guide vessels into the harbour.

“On the Mississippi River, you have Mississippi River pilots because they know how the river behaves. Same thing would apply here in Vancouver Harbour. Tides are strong, so people who are familiar with the harbor and have years and decades of experience are making sure the ships go in and out safely,” Maki said. 

“A high standard is applied to any ship that calls, and our facility has to meet very strict requirements. And we have rejected ships, just said, ‘Nope, that one doesn’t fit the bill.’ A ship calling on our facilities is very, very carefully looked at.”

Working with communities to protect sensitive areas

Trans Mountain’s Westridge Marine Terminal at Burnaby, B.C. Photo courtesy Trans Mountain Corporation

Beyond escorting ships and preparing for spills, WCMRC partners with coastal communities to map sensitive areas that need rapid protection including salmon streams, clam beds and culturally important sites like burial grounds.

“We want to empower communities and nations to be more prepared and involved,” Lowry said. 

“They can help us identify and protect the areas that they value or view as sensitive by working with our mapping people to identify those areas in advance. If we know where those are ahead of time, we can develop a protection strategy for them.”

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Fibre optic monitoring technology is helping protect Canada’s newest oil pipeline.

Installed on the 1,200 kilometre expansion of the Trans Mountain pipeline, Hifi Engineering’s optical monitoring line is the longest deployment of its kind in the world.

The goal? Zero incidents.

‘We are using the speed of light,” said Hifi CEO Steven Koles.

“It is sensing every centimeter of the pathway that it is deployed on. If there is any sort of anomaly condition like a leak or an earthquake or a landslide, we can detect it immediately,” he said.

“There’s a lot of data generated across 1,200 kilometers of acoustics, temperature, vibration and strain. It’s very much a data management challenge.”

That data management challenge was solved in part by a former Canadian Olympic speedskater turned University of Calgary engineering professor, Arne Dankers.

Specializing in controls design, Dankers joined Hifi Engineering fresh off his PhD from Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands as part of the Mitacs program connecting new post-doctoral researchers with industry.

Funded in part by Mitacs and later by the Business Development Bank of Canada, Dankers designed programs capable of sifting through nearly infinite data points along fibre optic lines to discern between regular activity of fluid movement or ground shifting and more troublesome potentials.

As part of a rigorous testing program completed with a number of independent third-party testing agencies, Hifi took its technology to C-CORE, a testing organization in St John’s, Newfoundland.

The fibre optic lines and associated software were put through various potential real-world scenarios along a pipeline in different environments. According to C-CORE, the system caught every potential leak and had zero false positives.

“We had to try and characterize how the sound is travelling through the pipeline,” explains Dankers.

“It changes depending on the pressure on the pipeline, on the fluid in the pipeline and the density of the fluid. The sound will propagate differently under different pressures or different types of oil,” he said.

“We’re listening for the causes of the leaks, instead of trying to listen for the sound a leak makes.”

Incidents on pipelines in Alberta are on a downward trend. In its most recent Pipeline Performance Report, the Alberta Energy Regulator (AER) reported a 46 per cent drop in incidents in 2023 compared to a decade earlier.

A focus for the AER has been around the reduction of incidents related to contact damage from improper digging around pipelines. These types of incidents have seen a 17 per cent reduction since 2022.

After Hifi, Dankers went back to academia to teach electrical controls at the University of Calgary’s Schulich School of Engineering, but his partnership with the company hasn’t ended.

“They hire interns every year from the U of C. [Students] get to do a one-year internship in their third year. [At Hifi] they get great experience, especially at a smaller company,” said Dankers.

Hifi’s success with Trans Mountain has led to discussions around North America and beyond for potential deployment of the technology – and not just for oil and gas. Koles said the technology is of interest for pipelines used in carbon capture and storage, as well as hydrogen and municipal water services.

Danker’s experience as a Team Canada silver medal-winning speed skater at the 2006 Turin Olympics helped prepare him for a project like Hifi’s.

“Sport teaches you a lot. You have to set a goal, and you don’t always make your goal. Even if you don’t, you still learn a lot along the way,” he said.

“I did achieve my goal.”

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It’s likely 2024 will go down in history as a turning point for Canadian energy, despite challenging headwinds from federal government policy.   

Here’s some of the good news.

10. New carbon capture and storage (CCS) projects to proceed 

Photo courtesy Shell Canada

In June, Shell announced it will proceed with the Polaris and Atlas CCS projects, expanding emissions reduction at the company’s Scotford energy and chemicals park near Edmonton.  

Polaris is designed to capture approximately 650,000 tonnes of CO2 per year, or the equivalent annual emissions of about 150,000 gasoline-powered cars. The CO2 will be transported by a 22-kilometre pipeline to the Atlas underground storage hub.   

The projects build on Shell’s experience at the Quest CCS project, also located at the Scotford complex. Since 2015, Quest has stored more than eight million tonnes of CO2. Polaris and Atlas are targeted for startup in 2028.    

Meanwhile, Entropy Inc. announced in July it will proceed with its Glacier Phase 2 CCS project. Located at the Glacier gas plant near Grande Prairie, the project is expected onstream in mid-2026 and will capture 160,000 tonnes of emissions per year.  

Since 2015, CCS operations in Alberta have safely stored roughly 14 million tonnes of CO2, or the equivalent emissions of more than three million cars. 

9. Canada’s U.S. oil exports reach new record 

Expanded export capacity at the Trans Mountain Westridge Terminal. Photo courtesy Trans Mountain Corporation

Canada’s exports of oil and petroleum products to the United States averaged a record 4.6 million barrels per day in the first nine months of 2024, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration.  

Demand from Midwest states increased, along with the U.S. Gulf Coast, the world’s largest refining hub. Canadian sales to the U.S. West Coast also increased, enabled by the newly completed Trans Mountain Pipeline Expansion. 

8. Alberta’s oil production never higher

A worker at Suncor Energy’s MacKay River oil sands project. CP Images photo

In early December, ATB Economics analyst Rob Roach reported that Alberta’s oil production has never been higher, averaging 3.9 million barrels per day in the first 10 months of the year.  

This is about 190,000 barrels per day higher than during the same period in 2023, enabled by the Trans Mountain expansion, Roach noted.  

7. Indigenous energy ownership spreads 

Communities of Wapiscanis Waseskwan Nipiy Limited Partnership in December 2023. Photo courtesy Alberta Indigenous Opportunities Corporation

In September, the Bigstone Cree Nation became the latest Indigenous community to acquire an ownership stake in an Alberta energy project.  

Bigstone joined 12 other First Nations and Métis settlements in the Wapiscanis Waseskwan Nipiy Holding Limited Partnership, which holds 85 per cent ownership of Tamarack Valley Energy’s Clearwater midstream oil and gas assets.  

The Alberta Indigenous Opportunities Corporation (AIOC) is backstopping the agreement with a total $195 million loan guarantee.   

In its five years of operations, the AIOC has supported more than 60 Indigenous communities taking ownership of energy projects, with loan guarantees valued at more than $725 million.  

6. Oil sands emissions intensity goes down 

Oil sands steam generators. Photo courtesy Cenovus Energy

A November report from S&P Global Commodity said that oil sands production growth is beginning to rise faster than emissions growth.  

While oil sands production in 2023 was nine per cent higher than in 2019, total emissions rose by just three per cent. 

“This is a notable, significant change in oil sands emissions,” said Kevin Birn, head of S&P Global’s Centre for Emissions Excellence. 

Average oil sands emissions per barrel, or so-called “emissions intensity” is now 28 per cent lower than it was in 2009. 

5. Oil and gas producers beat methane target, again 

Photo courtesy Tourmaline

Data released by the Alberta Energy Regulator in November 2024 confirmed that methane emissions from conventional oil and gas production in the province continue to go down, exceeding government targets. 

In 2022, producers reached the province’s target to reduce methane emissions by 45 per cent compared to 2014 levels by 2025 three years early.  

The new data shows that as of 2023, methane emissions have been reduced by 52 per cent.  

4. Cedar LNG gets the green light to proceed 

Haisla Nation Chief Councillor Crystal Smith and Pembina Pipeline Corporation CEO Scott Burrows announce the Cedar LNG positive final investment decision on June 25, 2024. Photo courtesy Cedar LNG

The world’s first Indigenous majority-owned liquefied natural gas (LNG) project is now under construction on the coast of Kitimat, B.C., following a positive final investment decision in June.  

Cedar LNG is a floating natural gas export terminal owned by the Haisla Nation and Pembina Pipeline Corporation. It will have capacity to produce 3.3 million tonnes of LNG per year for export overseas, primarily to meet growing demand in Asia.  

The $5.5-billion project will receive natural gas through the Coastal GasLink pipeline. Peak construction is expected in 2026, followed by startup in late 2028. 

3. Coastal GasLink Pipeline goes into service 

Workers celebrate completion of the Coastal GasLink Pipeline. Photo courtesy Coastal GasLink

The countdown is on to Canada’s first large-scale LNG exports, with the official startup of the $14.5-billion Coastal GasLink Pipeline in November.  

The 670-kilometre pipeline transports natural gas from near Dawson Creek, B.C. to the LNG Canada project at Kitimat, where it will be supercooled and transformed into LNG.  

LNG Canada will have capacity to export 14 million tonnes of LNG per year to overseas markets, primarily in Asia, where it is expected to help reduce emissions by displacing coal-fired power.  

The terminal’s owners – Shell, Petronas, PetroChina, Mitsubishi and Korea Gas Corporation – are ramping up natural gas production to record rates, according to RBN Energy. 

RBN analyst Martin King expects the first shipments to leave LNG Canada by early next year, setting up for commercial operations in mid-2025.  

2. Construction starts on $8.9 billion net zero petrochemical plant  

Dow’s manufacturing site in Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta. Photo courtesy Dow

In April, construction commenced near Edmonton on the world’s first plant designed to produce polyethylene — a widely used, recyclable plastic — with net zero scope 1 and 2 emissions. 

Dow Chemicals’ $8.9 billion Path2Zero project is an expansion of the company’s manufacturing site in Fort Saskatchewan. Using natural gas as a feedstock, it will incorporate CCS to reduce emissions.  

According to business development agency Edmonton Global, the project is spurring a boom in the region, with nearly 200 industrial projects worth about $96 billion now underway or nearing construction.  

Dow’s plant is scheduled for startup in 2027.  

1. Trans Mountain Pipeline Expansion completed 

The “Golden Weld” marked mechanical completion of construction for the Trans Mountain Expansion Project on April 11, 2024. Photo courtesy Trans Mountain Corporation

The long-awaited $34-billion Trans Mountain Pipeline Expansion officially went into service in May, in a game-changer for Canadian energy with ripple effects around the world.   

The 590,000 barrel-per-day expansion for the first time gives customers outside the United States access to large volumes of Canadian oil, with the benefits flowing to Canada’s economy.   

According to the Canada Energy Regulator, exports to non-U.S. locations more than doubled following the expansion startup, averaging 420,000 barrels per day compared to about 130,000 barrels per day in 2023.  

The value of Canadian oil exports to Asia has soared from effectively zero to a monthly average of $515 million between June and October, according to ATB Economics. 

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Despite the rise of “Buy American” policy, the CEO of Canada’s biggest company says there are many opportunities to improve Canada’s sluggish economy by supporting the United States.

Near the top of the list for RBC boss Dave McKay is energy – and not just the multi-billion-dollar trade between Canada and the U.S. The value of Canada’s resources to the U.S. stretches far beyond North America’s borders.

“Canada has to get in sync and create value for our largest trading partner,” McKay told a Canadian Club of Toronto gathering on Sept. 10.

Security, he said, is one of America’s biggest concerns.

“Energy security is a big part of overall security…As we think about these power structures changing, the U.S. needs us to supply Asia with energy. That allows the United States to feed energy to Europe.”

He said that for Canada, that includes oil exports through the new Trans Mountain pipeline expansion and natural gas on LNG carriers.

“Particularly Asia wants our LNG. They need it. It’s cleaner than what they’re using today, the amount of coal being burned…We can’t keep second-guessing ourselves,” McKay said.

Asia’s demand for oil and gas is projected to rise substantially over the coming decades, according to the latest outlook from the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA).

The EIA projects that the region’s natural gas use will increase by 55 per cent between 2022 and 2050, while oil demand will increase by 44 per cent.

With completion of the Trans Mountain expansion in May, Canada’s first major oil exports to Asia are now underway. Customers for the 590,000 barrels per day of new export capacity have already come from China, India, Japan and South Korea.

Canada’s long-awaited first LNG exports are also on the horizon, with first shipments from the LNG Canada terminal that could come earlier than expected, before year-end.

According to the Canada Energy Regulator, LNG exports from the coast of British Columbia could rise from virtually nothing today to about six billion cubic feet per day by 2029. That’s nearly as much as natural gas as B.C. currently produces, CER data shows.

But the federal government’s proposed oil and gas emissions cap could threaten this future by reducing production.

Analysis by Deloitte found that meeting the cap obligation in 2030 would result in the loss of about 625,000 barrels of oil per day and 2.2 billion cubic feet of natural gas per day.

This could wipe out significant sales to customers in the United States and Asia, without reducing demand or consumption.

McKay said the “massive complexity” around climate rules around the world and the lack of a cohesive path forward is slowing progress to reduce emissions.

Canada has opportunities to advance, from conventional energy to critical minerals and cleantech innovation, he said.

“We have to continue to leverage our resources…We can lead in clean tech, but in the meantime, there is an opportunity to get more carbon out of the economy sooner,” he said.

“We are in a race. Our planet is heating, and therefore we have to accept there can be transitionary energy sources.”

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Canada’s oil sands producers are “back in the limelight” for investors following completion of the Trans Mountain pipeline expansion, according to a report by Enervus Intelligence Research.

For the first time in the better part of a decade, there is now breathing room on the system to ship all of the oil producers are able to sell off the coast of B.C.

Up until this May, Trans Mountain was regularly overbooked. Not anymore.

The crude carrier Dubai Angel picked up the first shipment from the long-awaited expansion on May 22, setting sail for China and a customer of oil sands producer Suncor Energy.

Analysts estimate Trans Mountain loaded 20 vessels in June, compared to a pre-expansion average of five per month.

“You’re seeing multiple buyers. It’s going very well,” said Phil Skolnick, managing director of research with New York-based Eight Capital.

“You’re seeing the exact buyers that we always thought were going to show up, the U.S. west coast refineries and as well as the Asian refineries, and there was a shipment that went to India as well.”

Canadian crude in demand on the global market

Asian markets – particularly China, where refineries can process “substantial quantities” of extra heavy crude and bitumen – are now “opened in earnest” to Canadian oil, the International Energy Agency (IEA) said in its June Oil 2024 report.

“There’s demand for this crude and people are going to make deals,” said Kevin Birn, chief analyst of Canadian oil markets with S&P Global.

The IEA said Canadian crude will increasingly compete with heavy oil from other countries, particularly those in Latin America and the Middle East.

June’s loading of 20 vessels is slightly lower than the 22 vessels Trans Mountain had targeted, but Skolnick said a few bumps in the project’s ramp-up are to be expected.

“About three months ago, the shippers were telling investors on their calls, don’t expect it to be a smooth ramp up, it’s going to be a bit bumpy, but I think they’re expecting by Q4 you should start seeing everyone at peak rates,” Skolnick said.

Delivering higher prices

Trans Mountain’s expanded Westridge Terminal at Burnaby, B.C. now has capacity to load 34 so-called “Aframax” vessels each month.

One of the first deals, with Chinese refiner Rongsheng Petrochemical, indicates the Trans Mountain expansion is delivering on one of its expected benefits – higher prices for Canadian oil.

Canada’s Parliamentary Budget Office has said that an increase of US$5 per barrel for Canadian heavy oil over one year would add $6 billion to Canada’s economy.

The June deal between Rongsheng and an unnamed oil sands shipper saw a shipment of Access Western Blend (AWB) purchased for approximately US$6 per barrel below the Brent global oil benchmark. That implies an AWB selling price of approximately US$75 per barrel, or about US$10 more than the price received for AWB in Alberta.

More pipeline capacity needed

Oil sands production – currently about 3.4 million barrels per day – is projected to rise to 3.8 million barrels per day by the end of the decade before declining slightly to about 3.6 million barrels per day in 2035, according to the latest outlook by S&P Global.

“Despite the recent completion of the Trans Mountain Expansion project, additional capacity will still be needed, likely via expansion or optimization of the existing pipeline system,” wrote Birn and S&P senior research analyst Celina Hwang in May.

“By 2026, we forecast the need for further export capacity to ensure that the system remains balanced on pipeline economics.”

Uncertainty over the federal government’s proposed oil and gas emissions cap “adds hesitation” to companies considering large-scale production growth, wrote Birn and Hwang.

Global oil demand rising

World oil demand, which according to the IEA reached a record 103 million barrels per day in 2023, is projected to continue rising despite increased investment in renewable and alternative energy.

A June outlook by the International Energy Forum (IEF) pegs 2030 oil demand at nearly 110 million barrels per day.

“More investment in new oil and gas supply is needed to meet growing demand and maintain energy market stability, which is the foundation of global economic and social well-being,” said IEF secretary Joseph McMonigle.

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With the recent completions of the Trans Mountain expansion and Coastal GasLink pipelines, and the looming completion of LNG Canada within the next year, there are few major energy projects with the green light for one of the world’s largest and most responsible energy producers.

Which leaves a lingering question: In a world that has put a premium on energy security, what’s next for Canada?

Heather Exner-Pirot, a senior fellow and director of the natural resources, energy and environment program at the Macdonald-Laurier Institute, said Natural Resources Canada’s major projects inventory “has been in a pretty sharp decline since 2015, which is concerning.”

“It’s not just oil and gas but also mining, also electricity . . . It’s the overall context for investment in Canada,” said Exner-Pirot, who is also a special adviser to the Business Council of Canada.

“When we look at BC, we see TMX, Coastal GasLink, very soon LNG Canada will be finishing up. That’s probably in the order of $100 billion of investment that that province will lose.

“So you do start to think about what happens next. But there are some things on the horizon. I think that’s part of it. Other LNG projects where maybe it wasn’t politically popular, it wasn’t a social licence, and maybe the labour force was also constrained, and now is opening opportunities.”

A recent analysis conducted by Exner-Pirot found that between 2015 and 2023, the number of energy and natural resource major projects completed in Canada dropped by 37 per cent. And those that managed to be completed often faced significant delays and cost overruns.

One notable project Exner-Pirot expects to fill the void is Ksi Lisims LNG, which is being developed on the northwest coast of Canada to export low-carbon LNG to markets in Asia. The project represents a unique alliance between the Nisga’a Nation, Rockies LNG and Western LNG.

Ksi Lisims LNG is a proposed floating LNG export facility located on a site owned by the Nisga’a Nation near the community of Gingolx in British Columbia.

The project will have capacity to produce 12 million tonnes of LNG per year, destined for markets in the Pacific basin, primarily in Asia where demand for cleaner fuels to replace coal continues to grow.

As well, the second phase of the LNG Canada export terminal in Kitimat, B.C. shows increasing signs of moving forward, which would roughly double its annual production capacity from 14 million tonnes to 26 million tonnes, Exner-Pirot added.

While nearby, Cedar LNG, the world’s first Indigenous-owned LNG export facility, is closing in on the finish line with all permits in place and early construction underway. When completed, the facility will produce up to three million tonnes of LNG annually, which will be able to reach customers in Asia, and beyond.

According to the International Energy Agency, the world is on track to use more oil in 2024 than last year’s record-setting mark. Demand for both oil and natural gas is projected to see gradual growth through 2050, based on the most likely global scenario.

Kevin Birn, chief analyst for Canadian oil markets at S&P Global, said despite the Trans Mountain expansion increasing Canada’s oil export capacity by 590,000 barrels per day, conversations have already begun around the need for more infrastructure to export oil from western Canada.

“The Trans Mountain pipeline, although it’s critical and adds the single largest uplift in oil capacity in one swoop, we see production continue to grow, which puts pressures on that egress system,” he said.

Birn said Canada remains a major global player on the supply side, being the world’s fourth-largest producer of oil and fifth-largest producer of natural gas.

“This is a really important period for Canada. These megaprojects, they’re generational. These are a once-in-a-generation kind of thing,” Birn said.

“For Canada’s entire history of being an oil and gas producer, it’s been almost solely reliant on one single export market, which is the United States. That’s been beneficial, but it’s also caused problems for Canada in that reliance from time to time.

“This is the first time Canada will enter the global marketplace as a global player, so it is an incredibly important change for the industry.”

Exner-Pirot said Canada has the ability to become a major exporter on the energy front globally, at a time when demand is accelerating.

“We have open water from B.C. to our allies in Asia . . . It’s a straight line from Canada to its allies. This is a tremendous advantage,” she said, noting the growth of data centres and AI is expected to see demand for reliable energy soar.

“We are seeing growing electricity demand after decades of plateauing because our fridges got more energy efficient and our washers and dryers got more energy efficient. Now we’re starting to see for the first time in a long time more electricity demand even in developed countries. These are all drivers.”

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Protecting Canada’s waterways is a key priority for the Trans Mountain expansion project, which has doubled marine spill response capacity on the west coast.

It’s the largest expansion of oil spill response capability in Canadian history.

The 1,150-kilometre pipeline project, which runs from Edmonton to an export terminal at Burnaby, B.C., went into commercial service on May 1, significantly increasing Canada’s ability to ship oil to global customers.

The Trans Mountain system has operated for over 70 years without a single spill from marine tanker operations. But with an increase in tanker traffic, a main focus of the expansion was enhancing marine safety.

Michael Lowry, spokesman for Western Canada Marine Response Corporation (WCMRC), said everything is in place now and “we’re ready to go” to respond to any incidents, large or small, on the coastline of British Columbia.

The WCMRC’s geographic area of response covers all 27,000 kilometres of western Canada’s coastline, extending to the 200-nautical mile limit.

“We spent a lot of time when we were first doing this expansion going out to the communities – Indigenous communities, coastal communities, Gulf Islands, all those places – and asking people about what their concerns were,” Lowry said.

“We heard that people, communities and First Nations wanted to be more involved in spill response. They wanted to have equipment closer to where their territories and their communities were. And they wanted it to be just a more transparent, inclusive process. I think a number of things have happened since then that have gone a long way to address those concerns.”

The number of WCMRC vessels has doubled from 44 to 88. Today, the organization also employs just over 200 people.

Canada’s largest-ever marine spill response vessel is now on the coast of British Columbia. The vessel – as long as a ten-storey building and as heavy as about 50 Boeing 737 airliners – will reduce response time to within six hours, compared to the current turnaround time of up to three days.

The K.J. Gardner, named after WCMRC president Kevin Gardner, who led the capacity expansion, is based at Beecher Bay on Vancouver Island and is operated in partnership with the Sc’ianew First Nation.

It was one of the final pieces of the $150-million marine spill response expansion program.

Peter Luckham is chair of the Islands Trust Council, a government-mandated organization tasked with preserving and protecting over 450 Islands in the Salish Sea.

He said the amount of work, effort and resources that have come into play through the WCMRC, which is funded by industry, is significant.

“We’re in much better shape than we have been,” he said, adding that the impact on the socioeconomic environment of the southern Gulf Islands would be huge in the unlikely case of a major incident.

“But that said, WCMRC is very well prepared.”

Sc’ianew First Nation (Beecher Bay) chief Russ Chipps, in a video posted by Trans Mountain, said it was important for the Nation to participate as an equal partner in the response plan.

“We started having a growing relationship, sort of a mutual understanding of what’s going on,” he said.

“When we discovered that we were 72 hours away from a spill response, the only thing I had in the toolbox to use to look over the Bay . . . was a phone call. Now we’ve got a full toolbox with ships, trained people, the science around how to protect and I guess the education on how to deploy those booms and when to deploy those booms.”

WCMRC, and its predecessor Burrard Clean, have been around since the mid-1970s.

When Trans Mountain indicated it wanted to expand the existing pipeline, Lowry said one of its first tasks was to determine how best to protect sensitive coastal environments with an increase in tanker traffic.

Lowry said due to the uncertain nature of marine spills, the company dialed in on things it could control and set to improve those.

“And really what that is in our business is your response times, because the quicker you can get to a leaking vessel, the quicker you contain it and the more it can mitigate the damage and the impact,” he said.

“That’s really the name of the game here. It’s minimizing the possible impact and then cleaning it up.”

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While many are celebrating the completion of the Trans Mountain pipeline expansion project for its benefit of delivering better prices for Canadian energy to international markets, it’s important to reflect on how the project demonstrates successful economic reconciliation with Indigenous communities.

It’s easy to forget how we got here.

The history of Trans Mountain has been fraught with obstacles and delays that could have killed the project, but it survived. This stands in contrast to other pipelines such as Energy East and Keystone XL.

Starting in 2012, proponent Kinder Morgan Canada engaged in consultation with multiple parties – including many First Nation and Métis communities – on potential project impacts.

According to Trans Mountain, there have been 73,000 points of contact with Indigenous communities throughout Alberta and British Columbia as the expansion was developed and constructed. The new federal government owners of the pipeline committed to ongoing consultation during early construction and operations phase.

Beyond formal Indigenous engagement, the project proponent conducted numerous environmental and engineering field studies. These included studies drawing on deep Indigenous input, such as traditional ecological knowledge studies, traditional land use studies, and traditional marine land use studies.

At each stage of consultation, the proponent had to take into consideration this input, and if necessary – which occurred regularly – adjust the pipeline route or change an approach.

With such a large undertaking, Kinder Morgan and later Trans Mountain Corporation as a government entity had to maintain relationships with many Indigenous parties and make sure they got it right.

It was the opposite of the superficial “checklist” form of consultation that companies had long been criticized for.

While most of the First Nation and Métis communities engaged in good faith with Kinder Morgan, and later the federal government, and wanted to maximize environmental protections and ensure they got the best deal for their communities, environmentalist opponents wanted to kill the project outright from the start.

After the government took over the incomplete expansion in 2018, green activists were transparent about using cost overruns as a tactic to scuttle and defeat the project. They tried to make Trans Mountain ground zero for their anti-energy divestment crusade, targeting investors.

It is an amazing testament to importance of Trans Mountain that it survived this bad faith onslaught.

In true eco-colonialist fashion, the non-Indigenous activist community did not care that the consultation process for Trans Mountain project was achieving economic reconciliation in front of their eyes. They were “fair weather friends” who supported Indigenous communities only when they opposed energy projects.

They missed the broad support for the Trans Mountain expansion. As of March 2023, the project had signed agreements with 81 Indigenous communities along the proposed route worth $657 million, and the project has created over $4.8 billion in contracts with Indigenous businesses.

Most importantly, Trans Mountain saw the maturing of Indigenous capital as Indigenous coalitions came together to seek equity stakes in the pipeline. Project Reconciliation, the Alberta-based Iron Coalition and B.C.’s Western Indigenous Pipeline Group all presented detailed proposals to assume ownership.

Although these equity proposals have not yet resulted in a sale agreement, they involved taking that important first step. Trans Mountain showed what was possible for Indigenous ownership, and now with more growth and perhaps legislative help from provincial and federal governments, an Indigenous consortium will be eventually successful when the government looks to sell the project.

If an Indigenous partner ultimately acquires an equity stake in Trans Mountain, observers close to the negotiations are convinced it will be a sizeable stake, well beyond 10 per cent. It will be a transformative venture for many First Nations involved.

Now that the Trans Mountain expansion is finally completed, it will provide trans-generational benefits to First Nations involved, including lasting work for Indigenous companies. It will also demonstrate the victory of good faith Indigenous consultation over bad faith opposition.

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